/** construct a Transaction for use in an offline operation */
 public static LifecycleTransaction offline(
     OperationType operationType, Iterable<SSTableReader> readers) {
   // if offline, for simplicity we just use a dummy tracker
   Tracker dummy = new Tracker(null, false);
   dummy.addInitialSSTables(readers);
   dummy.apply(updateCompacting(emptySet(), readers));
   return new LifecycleTransaction(dummy, operationType, readers);
 }