/**
* initialized a rectangle, but throws an exception if the dimensions and corodinated don't match
*
* @param xLeft the X position of the left side
* @param xRight the X position of the right side
* @param width the width of the rectangle
* @param yTop the Y position of the top side
* @param yBottom the Y position of the bottom side
* @param height the height
*/
private Bounds(
double xLeft, double xRight, double width, double yTop, double yBottom, double height) {
this.xLeft = xLeft;
this.xRight = xRight;
this.width = width;
this.yTop = yTop;
this.yBottom = yBottom;
this.height = height;
if (!Maths.floatingPointEqual(width, xRight - xLeft, 0.01)
|| width < 0
|| !Maths.floatingPointEqual(height, yBottom - yTop, 0.01)
|| height < 0) {
throw new RuntimeException("wrong parameters: " + toString());
}
}
/**
* Frobenius norm
*
* @return sqrt of sum of squares of all elements.
*/
public double normF() {
double f = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
f = Maths.hypot(f, A[i][j]);
}
}
return f;
}
public double pchisq(double q, double df) {
// Posten, H. (1989) American Statistician 43 p. 261-265
double df2 = df * .5;
double q2 = q * .5;
int n = 5, k;
double tk, CFL, CFU, prob;
if (q <= 0 || df <= 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal argument " + q + " or " + df + " for qnorm(p).");
if (q < df) {
tk = q2 * (1 - n - df2) / (df2 + 2 * n - 1 + n * q2 / (df2 + 2 * n));
for (k = n - 1; k > 1; k--)
tk = q2 * (1 - k - df2) / (df2 + 2 * k - 1 + k * q2 / (df2 + 2 * k + tk));
CFL = 1 - q2 / (df2 + 1 + q2 / (df2 + 2 + tk));
prob = Math.exp(df2 * Math.log(q2) - q2 - Maths.logGamma(df2 + 1) - Math.log(CFL));
} else {
tk = (n - df2) / (q2 + n);
for (k = n - 1; k > 1; k--) tk = (k - df2) / (q2 + k / (1 + tk));
CFU = 1 + (1 - df2) / (q2 + 1 / (1 + tk));
prob = 1 - Math.exp((df2 - 1) * Math.log(q2) - q2 - Maths.logGamma(df2) - Math.log(CFU));
}
return prob;
}
public static double betainv(double x, double p, double q) {
// ALGORITHM AS 63 APPL. STATIST. VOL.32, NO.1
// Computes P(Beta>x)
double beta = Maths.logBeta(p, q), acu = 1E-14;
double cx, psq, pp, qq, x2, term, ai, betain, ns, rx, temp;
boolean indx;
if (p <= 0 || q <= 0) return (-1.0);
if (x <= 0 || x >= 1) return (-1.0);
psq = p + q;
cx = 1 - x;
if (p < psq * x) {
x2 = cx;
cx = x;
pp = q;
qq = p;
indx = true;
} else {
x2 = x;
pp = p;
qq = q;
indx = false;
}
term = 1;
ai = 1;
betain = 1;
ns = qq + cx * psq;
rx = x2 / cx;
temp = qq - ai;
if (ns == 0) rx = x2;
while (temp > acu && temp > acu * betain) {
term = term * temp * rx / (pp + ai);
betain = betain + term;
temp = Math.abs(term);
if (temp > acu && temp > acu * betain) {
ai++;
ns--;
if (ns >= 0) {
temp = qq - ai;
if (ns == 0) rx = x2;
} else {
temp = psq;
psq += 1;
}
}
}
betain *= Math.exp(pp * Math.log(x2) + (qq - 1) * Math.log(cx) - beta) / pp;
if (indx) betain = 1 - betain;
return (betain);
}
public static long getPidMax() {
if (isLinux()) {
File file = new File("/proc/sys/kernel/pid_max");
if (file.canRead())
try {
return Maths.nextPower2(new Scanner(file).nextLong(), 1);
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
LOG.warn("", e);
}
} else if (isMacOSX()) {
return 1L << 24;
}
// the default.
return 1L << 16;
}
@NotNull
@Override
public BytesStore<NativeBytesStore<Underlying>, Underlying> copy() throws IllegalStateException {
if (underlyingObject == null) {
NativeBytesStore<Void> copy = of(realCapacity(), false, true);
OS.memory().copyMemory(address, copy.address, capacity());
return (BytesStore) copy;
} else if (underlyingObject instanceof ByteBuffer) {
ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(Maths.toInt32(capacity()));
bb.put((ByteBuffer) underlyingObject);
bb.clear();
return (BytesStore) wrap(bb);
} else {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
}
/**
* QR Decomposition, computed by Householder reflections.
*
* @param A Rectangular matrix
* @return Structure to access R and the Householder vectors and compute Q.
*/
public QRDecomposition(Matrix A) {
// Initialize.
QR = A.getArrayCopy();
m = A.getRowDimension();
n = A.getColumnDimension();
Rdiag = new double[n];
// Main loop.
for (int k = 0; k < n; k++) {
// Compute 2-norm of k-th column without under/overflow.
double nrm = 0;
for (int i = k; i < m; i++) {
nrm = Maths.hypot(nrm, QR[i][k]);
}
if (nrm != 0.0) {
// Form k-th Householder vector.
if (QR[k][k] < 0) {
nrm = -nrm;
}
for (int i = k; i < m; i++) {
QR[i][k] /= nrm;
}
QR[k][k] += 1.0;
// Apply transformation to remaining columns.
for (int j = k + 1; j < n; j++) {
double s = 0.0;
for (int i = k; i < m; i++) {
s += QR[i][k] * QR[i][j];
}
s = -s / QR[k][k];
for (int i = k; i < m; i++) {
QR[i][j] += s * QR[i][k];
}
}
}
Rdiag[k] = -nrm;
}
}
private void tql2() {
// This is derived from the Algol procedures tql2, by
// Bowdler, Martin, Reinsch, and Wilkinson, Handbook for
// Auto. Comp., Vol.ii-Linear Algebra, and the corresponding
// Fortran subroutine in EISPACK.
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
e[i - 1] = e[i];
}
e[n - 1] = 0.0;
double f = 0.0;
double tst1 = 0.0;
double eps = Math.pow(2.0, -52.0);
for (int l = 0; l < n; l++) {
// Find small subdiagonal element
tst1 = Math.max(tst1, Math.abs(d[l]) + Math.abs(e[l]));
int m = l;
while (m < n) {
if (Math.abs(e[m]) <= eps * tst1) {
break;
}
m++;
}
// If m == l, d[l] is an eigenvalue,
// otherwise, iterate.
if (m > l) {
int iter = 0;
do {
iter = iter + 1; // (Could check iteration count here.)
// Compute implicit shift
double g = d[l];
double p = (d[l + 1] - g) / (2.0 * e[l]);
double r = Maths.hypot(p, 1.0);
if (p < 0) {
r = -r;
}
d[l] = e[l] / (p + r);
d[l + 1] = e[l] * (p + r);
double dl1 = d[l + 1];
double h = g - d[l];
for (int i = l + 2; i < n; i++) {
d[i] -= h;
}
f = f + h;
// Implicit QL transformation.
p = d[m];
double c = 1.0;
double c2 = c;
double c3 = c;
double el1 = e[l + 1];
double s = 0.0;
double s2 = 0.0;
for (int i = m - 1; i >= l; i--) {
c3 = c2;
c2 = c;
s2 = s;
g = c * e[i];
h = c * p;
r = Maths.hypot(p, e[i]);
e[i + 1] = s * r;
s = e[i] / r;
c = p / r;
p = c * d[i] - s * g;
d[i + 1] = h + s * (c * g + s * d[i]);
// Accumulate transformation.
for (int k = 0; k < n; k++) {
h = V[k][i + 1];
V[k][i + 1] = s * V[k][i] + c * h;
V[k][i] = c * V[k][i] - s * h;
}
}
p = -s * s2 * c3 * el1 * e[l] / dl1;
e[l] = s * p;
d[l] = c * p;
// Check for convergence.
} while (Math.abs(e[l]) > eps * tst1);
}
d[l] = d[l] + f;
e[l] = 0.0;
}
// Sort eigenvalues and corresponding vectors.
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
int k = i;
double p = d[i];
for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
if (d[j] < p) {
k = j;
p = d[j];
}
}
if (k != i) {
d[k] = d[i];
d[i] = p;
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
p = V[j][i];
V[j][i] = V[j][k];
V[j][k] = p;
}
}
}
}
/**
* Construct the singular value decomposition. Provides a data structure to access U, S and V.
*
* @param Arg Rectangular matrix
*/
public SingularValueDecomposition(Matrix Arg) {
// Derived from LINPACK code.
// Initialize.
double[][] A = Arg.getArrayCopy();
m = Arg.getRowDimension();
n = Arg.getColumnDimension();
/* Apparently the failing cases are only a proper subset of (m<n),
so let's not throw error. Correct fix to come later?
if (m<n) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Jama SVD only works for m >= n"); }
*/
int nu = Math.min(m, n);
s = new double[Math.min(m + 1, n)];
U = new double[m][nu];
V = new double[n][n];
double[] e = new double[n];
double[] work = new double[m];
boolean wantu = true;
boolean wantv = true;
// Reduce A to bidiagonal form, storing the diagonal elements
// in s and the super-diagonal elements in e.
int nct = Math.min(m - 1, n);
int nrt = Math.max(0, Math.min(n - 2, m));
for (int k = 0; k < Math.max(nct, nrt); k++) {
if (k < nct) {
// Compute the transformation for the k-th column and
// place the k-th diagonal in s[k].
// Compute 2-norm of k-th column without under/overflow.
s[k] = 0;
for (int i = k; i < m; i++) {
s[k] = Maths.hypot(s[k], A[i][k]);
}
if (s[k] != 0.0) {
if (A[k][k] < 0.0) {
s[k] = -s[k];
}
for (int i = k; i < m; i++) {
A[i][k] /= s[k];
}
A[k][k] += 1.0;
}
s[k] = -s[k];
}
for (int j = k + 1; j < n; j++) {
if ((k < nct) & (s[k] != 0.0)) {
// Apply the transformation.
double t = 0;
for (int i = k; i < m; i++) {
t += A[i][k] * A[i][j];
}
t = -t / A[k][k];
for (int i = k; i < m; i++) {
A[i][j] += t * A[i][k];
}
}
// Place the k-th row of A into e for the
// subsequent calculation of the row transformation.
e[j] = A[k][j];
}
if (wantu & (k < nct)) {
// Place the transformation in U for subsequent back
// multiplication.
for (int i = k; i < m; i++) {
U[i][k] = A[i][k];
}
}
if (k < nrt) {
// Compute the k-th row transformation and place the
// k-th super-diagonal in e[k].
// Compute 2-norm without under/overflow.
e[k] = 0;
for (int i = k + 1; i < n; i++) {
e[k] = Maths.hypot(e[k], e[i]);
}
if (e[k] != 0.0) {
if (e[k + 1] < 0.0) {
e[k] = -e[k];
}
for (int i = k + 1; i < n; i++) {
e[i] /= e[k];
}
e[k + 1] += 1.0;
}
e[k] = -e[k];
if ((k + 1 < m) & (e[k] != 0.0)) {
// Apply the transformation.
for (int i = k + 1; i < m; i++) {
work[i] = 0.0;
}
for (int j = k + 1; j < n; j++) {
for (int i = k + 1; i < m; i++) {
work[i] += e[j] * A[i][j];
}
}
for (int j = k + 1; j < n; j++) {
double t = -e[j] / e[k + 1];
for (int i = k + 1; i < m; i++) {
A[i][j] += t * work[i];
}
}
}
if (wantv) {
// Place the transformation in V for subsequent
// back multiplication.
for (int i = k + 1; i < n; i++) {
V[i][k] = e[i];
}
}
}
}
// Set up the final bidiagonal matrix or order p.
int p = Math.min(n, m + 1);
if (nct < n) {
s[nct] = A[nct][nct];
}
if (m < p) {
s[p - 1] = 0.0;
}
if (nrt + 1 < p) {
e[nrt] = A[nrt][p - 1];
}
e[p - 1] = 0.0;
// If required, generate U.
if (wantu) {
for (int j = nct; j < nu; j++) {
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
U[i][j] = 0.0;
}
U[j][j] = 1.0;
}
for (int k = nct - 1; k >= 0; k--) {
if (s[k] != 0.0) {
for (int j = k + 1; j < nu; j++) {
double t = 0;
for (int i = k; i < m; i++) {
t += U[i][k] * U[i][j];
}
t = -t / U[k][k];
for (int i = k; i < m; i++) {
U[i][j] += t * U[i][k];
}
}
for (int i = k; i < m; i++) {
U[i][k] = -U[i][k];
}
U[k][k] = 1.0 + U[k][k];
for (int i = 0; i < k - 1; i++) {
U[i][k] = 0.0;
}
} else {
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
U[i][k] = 0.0;
}
U[k][k] = 1.0;
}
}
}
// If required, generate V.
if (wantv) {
for (int k = n - 1; k >= 0; k--) {
if ((k < nrt) & (e[k] != 0.0)) {
for (int j = k + 1; j < nu; j++) {
double t = 0;
for (int i = k + 1; i < n; i++) {
t += V[i][k] * V[i][j];
}
t = -t / V[k + 1][k];
for (int i = k + 1; i < n; i++) {
V[i][j] += t * V[i][k];
}
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
V[i][k] = 0.0;
}
V[k][k] = 1.0;
}
}
// Main iteration loop for the singular values.
int pp = p - 1;
int iter = 0;
double eps = Math.pow(2.0, -52.0);
double tiny = Math.pow(2.0, -966.0);
while (p > 0) {
int k, kase;
// Here is where a test for too many iterations would go.
// This section of the program inspects for
// negligible elements in the s and e arrays. On
// completion the variables kase and k are set as follows.
// kase = 1 if s(p) and e[k-1] are negligible and k<p
// kase = 2 if s(k) is negligible and k<p
// kase = 3 if e[k-1] is negligible, k<p, and
// s(k), ..., s(p) are not negligible (qr step).
// kase = 4 if e(p-1) is negligible (convergence).
for (k = p - 2; k >= -1; k--) {
if (k == -1) {
break;
}
if (Math.abs(e[k]) <= tiny + eps * (Math.abs(s[k]) + Math.abs(s[k + 1]))) {
e[k] = 0.0;
break;
}
}
if (k == p - 2) {
kase = 4;
} else {
int ks;
for (ks = p - 1; ks >= k; ks--) {
if (ks == k) {
break;
}
double t = (ks != p ? Math.abs(e[ks]) : 0.) + (ks != k + 1 ? Math.abs(e[ks - 1]) : 0.);
if (Math.abs(s[ks]) <= tiny + eps * t) {
s[ks] = 0.0;
break;
}
}
if (ks == k) {
kase = 3;
} else if (ks == p - 1) {
kase = 1;
} else {
kase = 2;
k = ks;
}
}
k++;
// Perform the task indicated by kase.
switch (kase) {
// Deflate negligible s(p).
case 1:
{
double f = e[p - 2];
e[p - 2] = 0.0;
for (int j = p - 2; j >= k; j--) {
double t = Maths.hypot(s[j], f);
double cs = s[j] / t;
double sn = f / t;
s[j] = t;
if (j != k) {
f = -sn * e[j - 1];
e[j - 1] = cs * e[j - 1];
}
if (wantv) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
t = cs * V[i][j] + sn * V[i][p - 1];
V[i][p - 1] = -sn * V[i][j] + cs * V[i][p - 1];
V[i][j] = t;
}
}
}
}
break;
// Split at negligible s(k).
case 2:
{
double f = e[k - 1];
e[k - 1] = 0.0;
for (int j = k; j < p; j++) {
double t = Maths.hypot(s[j], f);
double cs = s[j] / t;
double sn = f / t;
s[j] = t;
f = -sn * e[j];
e[j] = cs * e[j];
if (wantu) {
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
t = cs * U[i][j] + sn * U[i][k - 1];
U[i][k - 1] = -sn * U[i][j] + cs * U[i][k - 1];
U[i][j] = t;
}
}
}
}
break;
// Perform one qr step.
case 3:
{
// Calculate the shift.
double scale =
Math.max(
Math.max(
Math.max(
Math.max(Math.abs(s[p - 1]), Math.abs(s[p - 2])), Math.abs(e[p - 2])),
Math.abs(s[k])),
Math.abs(e[k]));
double sp = s[p - 1] / scale;
double spm1 = s[p - 2] / scale;
double epm1 = e[p - 2] / scale;
double sk = s[k] / scale;
double ek = e[k] / scale;
double b = ((spm1 + sp) * (spm1 - sp) + epm1 * epm1) / 2.0;
double c = (sp * epm1) * (sp * epm1);
double shift = 0.0;
if ((b != 0.0) | (c != 0.0)) {
shift = Math.sqrt(b * b + c);
if (b < 0.0) {
shift = -shift;
}
shift = c / (b + shift);
}
double f = (sk + sp) * (sk - sp) + shift;
double g = sk * ek;
// Chase zeros.
for (int j = k; j < p - 1; j++) {
double t = Maths.hypot(f, g);
double cs = f / t;
double sn = g / t;
if (j != k) {
e[j - 1] = t;
}
f = cs * s[j] + sn * e[j];
e[j] = cs * e[j] - sn * s[j];
g = sn * s[j + 1];
s[j + 1] = cs * s[j + 1];
if (wantv) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
t = cs * V[i][j] + sn * V[i][j + 1];
V[i][j + 1] = -sn * V[i][j] + cs * V[i][j + 1];
V[i][j] = t;
}
}
t = Maths.hypot(f, g);
cs = f / t;
sn = g / t;
s[j] = t;
f = cs * e[j] + sn * s[j + 1];
s[j + 1] = -sn * e[j] + cs * s[j + 1];
g = sn * e[j + 1];
e[j + 1] = cs * e[j + 1];
if (wantu && (j < m - 1)) {
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
t = cs * U[i][j] + sn * U[i][j + 1];
U[i][j + 1] = -sn * U[i][j] + cs * U[i][j + 1];
U[i][j] = t;
}
}
}
e[p - 2] = f;
iter = iter + 1;
}
break;
// Convergence.
case 4:
{
// Make the singular values positive.
if (s[k] <= 0.0) {
s[k] = (s[k] < 0.0 ? -s[k] : 0.0);
if (wantv) {
for (int i = 0; i <= pp; i++) {
V[i][k] = -V[i][k];
}
}
}
// Order the singular values.
while (k < pp) {
if (s[k] >= s[k + 1]) {
break;
}
double t = s[k];
s[k] = s[k + 1];
s[k + 1] = t;
if (wantv && (k < n - 1)) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
t = V[i][k + 1];
V[i][k + 1] = V[i][k];
V[i][k] = t;
}
}
if (wantu && (k < m - 1)) {
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
t = U[i][k + 1];
U[i][k + 1] = U[i][k];
U[i][k] = t;
}
}
k++;
}
iter = 0;
p--;
}
break;
}
}
}
