@POST
  @Path("/")
  @Consumes("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
  @Produces("application/json")
  public Response issueAccessToken(
      @Context HttpServletRequest request, MultivaluedMap<String, String> paramMap)
      throws OAuthSystemException {

    try {
      PrivilegedCarbonContext.startTenantFlow();
      PrivilegedCarbonContext carbonContext = PrivilegedCarbonContext.getThreadLocalCarbonContext();
      carbonContext.setTenantId(MultitenantConstants.SUPER_TENANT_ID);
      carbonContext.setTenantDomain(MultitenantConstants.SUPER_TENANT_DOMAIN_NAME);

      HttpServletRequestWrapper httpRequest = new OAuthRequestWrapper(request, paramMap);

      if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
        logAccessTokenRequest(httpRequest);
      }

      // extract the basic auth credentials if present in the request and use for
      // authentication.
      if (request.getHeader(OAuthConstants.HTTP_REQ_HEADER_AUTHZ) != null) {

        try {
          String[] clientCredentials =
              EndpointUtil.extractCredentialsFromAuthzHeader(
                  request.getHeader(OAuthConstants.HTTP_REQ_HEADER_AUTHZ));

          // The client MUST NOT use more than one authentication method in each request
          if (paramMap.containsKey(OAuth.OAUTH_CLIENT_ID)
              && paramMap.containsKey(OAuth.OAUTH_CLIENT_SECRET)) {
            return handleBasicAuthFailure();
          }

          // If a client sends an invalid base64 encoded clientid:clientsecret value, it results in
          // this
          // array to only contain 1 element. This happens on specific errors though.
          if (clientCredentials.length != 2) {
            return handleBasicAuthFailure();
          }

          // add the credentials available in Authorization header to the parameter map
          paramMap.add(OAuth.OAUTH_CLIENT_ID, clientCredentials[0]);
          paramMap.add(OAuth.OAUTH_CLIENT_SECRET, clientCredentials[1]);

        } catch (OAuthClientException e) {
          // malformed credential string is considered as an auth failure.
          log.error("Error while extracting credentials from authorization header", e);
          return handleBasicAuthFailure();
        }
      }

      try {
        CarbonOAuthTokenRequest oauthRequest = new CarbonOAuthTokenRequest(httpRequest);
        // exchange the access token for the authorization grant.
        OAuth2AccessTokenRespDTO oauth2AccessTokenResp = getAccessToken(oauthRequest);
        // if there BE has returned an error
        if (oauth2AccessTokenResp.getErrorMsg() != null) {
          // if there is an auth failure, HTTP 401 Status Code should be sent back to the client.
          if (OAuth2ErrorCodes.INVALID_CLIENT.equals(oauth2AccessTokenResp.getErrorCode())) {
            return handleBasicAuthFailure();
          } else if ("sql_error".equals(oauth2AccessTokenResp.getErrorCode())) {
            return handleSQLError();
          } else if (OAuth2ErrorCodes.SERVER_ERROR.equals(oauth2AccessTokenResp.getErrorCode())) {
            return handleServerError();
          } else {
            // Otherwise send back HTTP 400 Status Code
            OAuthResponse.OAuthErrorResponseBuilder oAuthErrorResponseBuilder =
                OAuthASResponse.errorResponse(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST)
                    .setError(oauth2AccessTokenResp.getErrorCode())
                    .setErrorDescription(oauth2AccessTokenResp.getErrorMsg());
            OAuthResponse response = oAuthErrorResponseBuilder.buildJSONMessage();

            ResponseHeader[] headers = oauth2AccessTokenResp.getResponseHeaders();
            ResponseBuilder respBuilder = Response.status(response.getResponseStatus());

            if (headers != null && headers.length > 0) {
              for (int i = 0; i < headers.length; i++) {
                if (headers[i] != null) {
                  respBuilder.header(headers[i].getKey(), headers[i].getValue());
                }
              }
            }

            return respBuilder.entity(response.getBody()).build();
          }
        } else {
          OAuthTokenResponseBuilder oAuthRespBuilder =
              OAuthASResponse.tokenResponse(HttpServletResponse.SC_OK)
                  .setAccessToken(oauth2AccessTokenResp.getAccessToken())
                  .setRefreshToken(oauth2AccessTokenResp.getRefreshToken())
                  .setExpiresIn(Long.toString(oauth2AccessTokenResp.getExpiresIn()))
                  .setTokenType(BEARER);
          oAuthRespBuilder.setScope(oauth2AccessTokenResp.getAuthorizedScopes());

          // OpenID Connect ID token
          if (oauth2AccessTokenResp.getIDToken() != null) {
            oAuthRespBuilder.setParam(OAuthConstants.ID_TOKEN, oauth2AccessTokenResp.getIDToken());
          }
          OAuthResponse response = oAuthRespBuilder.buildJSONMessage();
          ResponseHeader[] headers = oauth2AccessTokenResp.getResponseHeaders();
          ResponseBuilder respBuilder =
              Response.status(response.getResponseStatus())
                  .header(
                      OAuthConstants.HTTP_RESP_HEADER_CACHE_CONTROL,
                      OAuthConstants.HTTP_RESP_HEADER_VAL_CACHE_CONTROL_NO_STORE)
                  .header(
                      OAuthConstants.HTTP_RESP_HEADER_PRAGMA,
                      OAuthConstants.HTTP_RESP_HEADER_VAL_PRAGMA_NO_CACHE);

          if (headers != null && headers.length > 0) {
            for (int i = 0; i < headers.length; i++) {
              if (headers[i] != null) {
                respBuilder.header(headers[i].getKey(), headers[i].getValue());
              }
            }
          }

          return respBuilder.entity(response.getBody()).build();
        }

      } catch (OAuthProblemException e) {
        log.error("Error while creating the Carbon OAuth token request", e);
        OAuthResponse res =
            OAuthASResponse.errorResponse(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST)
                .error(e)
                .buildJSONMessage();
        return Response.status(res.getResponseStatus()).entity(res.getBody()).build();
      }

    } finally {
      PrivilegedCarbonContext.endTenantFlow();
    }
  }