public BigInteger count(int n) {
BigInteger[] prev = new BigInteger[k];
Arrays.fill(prev, BigInteger.ZERO);
prev[s] = BigInteger.ONE;
while (n-- > 0) {
BigInteger[] next = new BigInteger[k];
Arrays.fill(next, BigInteger.ZERO);
for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
if (prev[i].signum() <= 0) {
continue;
}
for (int j = 0; j < z; ++j) {
if (e[j][i] < 0) {
continue;
}
next[e[j][i]] = next[e[j][i]].add(prev[i]);
}
}
prev = next;
}
BigInteger ans = BigInteger.ZERO;
for (int term : t) {
ans = ans.add(prev[term]);
}
return ans;
}
Pair Calculate(int u) {
BigInteger ans;
Pair temp;
temp = new Pair();
if (g[u].size() == 0) {
temp.x = BigInteger.ONE;
temp.n = 1;
return temp;
}
if (g[u].size() == 1) {
temp = Calculate((int) g[u].get(0));
temp.n++;
return temp;
}
int p, q;
temp = Calculate((int) g[u].get(0));
ans = temp.x;
p = temp.n;
temp = Calculate((int) g[u].get(1));
ans = ans.multiply(temp.x);
q = temp.n;
ans = ans.multiply(C[p + q][p]);
temp.x = ans;
temp.n = p + q + 1;
return temp;
}
public static BigInteger largeSum(ArrayList<BigInteger> nums) {
BigInteger sum = BigInteger.ZERO;
for (BigInteger i : nums) {
sum = sum.add(i);
}
return sum;
}
BigInteger getResult(int n, int r) {
BigInteger ans;
ans = F[n];
ans = ans.divide(F[r]);
ans = ans.divide(F[n - r]);
return ans;
}
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
while (true) {
String str = in.readLine();
// Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
if (str == null) {
break;
} else {
BigInteger num = new BigInteger(str);
if (str.equals("0") || str.equals("1")) {
System.out.println(str);
} else {
// BigInteger num = new BigInteger(str);
//
// System.out.println(num.subtract(BigInteger.ONE).multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(2)));
System.out.println(num.multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(2)).subtract(BigInteger.valueOf(2)));
}
}
}
}
public static void countPairs(Integer[] arr) {
HashMap<Integer, Integer> seenElements = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
// ArrayList<Integer> countList = new ArrayList<Integer
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
if (!seenElements.containsKey(arr[i])) {
seenElements.put(arr[i], 1);
} else {
seenElements.put(arr[i], seenElements.get(arr[i]) + 1);
}
}
BigInteger count = null;
for (int element : seenElements.keySet()) {
if (seenElements.get(element) > 1) {
System.out.println("count is :" + seenElements.get(element));
count.add(
factorial(seenElements.get(element)).divide(factorial(seenElements.get(element) - 2)));
System.out.println(count);
}
}
if (count == null) {
System.out.println("0");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
BigInteger a = new BigInteger(s.next());
BigInteger b = new BigInteger(s.next());
BigInteger ad = a.add(b);
BigInteger mu = a.multiply(b);
System.out.println(ad);
System.out.println(mu);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
/* Enter your code here. Read input from STDIN. Print output to STDOUT. Your class should be named Solution. */
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
BigInteger bigInteger1 = scan.nextBigInteger();
BigInteger bigInteger2 = scan.nextBigInteger();
System.out.println(bigInteger1.add(bigInteger2));
System.out.println(bigInteger1.multiply(bigInteger2));
}
public static BigInteger factorial(int i) {
BigInteger fact = new BigInteger("1");
while (i > 1) {
fact = fact.multiply(new BigInteger(new Integer(i).toString()));
i--;
}
return fact;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
while (in.hasNextBigInteger()) {
BigInteger N = in.nextBigInteger();
if (N.compareTo(BigInteger.ONE) > 0) {
BigInteger two = new BigInteger("2");
N = N.multiply(two).subtract(two);
}
System.out.println(N);
}
}
public RSA(Random random) {
savedRandom = random;
p = getPrime(random); // p and q are arbitrary large primes
q = getPrime(random);
n = p.multiply(q);
phiN = (p.subtract(ONE)).multiply(q.subtract(ONE));
S = getPrime(random); // s is an arbitrary secret; we'll use a prime
V = S.modPow(new BigInteger("2"), n);
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in);
BigInteger a = BigInteger.ONE;
int cas = 0;
while (true) {
cas++;
a = cin.nextBigInteger();
if (a.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO) == 0) break;
long ans = calc(a);
System.out.println("Case " + cas + ": Public Key = " + a + " Private Key = " + ans);
}
}
void solve(int caseNum) {
int n = in.nextInt();
BigInteger[] past = new BigInteger[n], d = new BigInteger[n];
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) past[i] = new BigInteger(in.next());
Arrays.sort(past);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) d[i] = past[i].subtract(past[0]);
for (int i = 2; i < n; i++) d[i] = d[i].gcd(d[i - 1]);
BigInteger gcd = d[n - 1], mod = past[0].mod(gcd);
System.out.printf("Case #%d: ", caseNum);
if (mod.equals(BigInteger.ZERO)) System.out.println(0);
else System.out.println(gcd.subtract(mod));
}
public void testReferenceLinkAttribute() {
Session ssn = SessionManager.getSession();
DataObject user = ssn.create(getModelName() + ".User");
user.set("id", BigInteger.valueOf(0));
user.set("email", "*****@*****.**");
user.set("firstName", "foo");
user.set("lastNames", "bar");
user.save();
DataObject[] images = new DataObject[2];
for (int i = 0; i < images.length; i++) {
images[i] = ssn.create(getModelName() + ".Image");
images[i].set("id", BigInteger.valueOf(i));
byte[] bytes = "This is the image.".getBytes();
images[i].set("bytes", bytes);
images[i].save();
}
// set image
user.set("image", images[0]);
user.save();
// retrieve and then update caption
DataAssociationCursor dac = ((DataAssociation) images[0].get("users")).cursor();
dac.next();
assertNull(dac.getLinkProperty("caption"));
assertEquals(user, dac.getDataObject());
DataObject link = dac.getLink();
link.set("caption", "caption");
link.save();
dac = ((DataAssociation) images[0].get("users")).cursor();
dac.next();
assertEquals("caption", dac.getLinkProperty("caption"));
assertEquals(1L, ((DataAssociation) images[0].get("users")).size());
// set new image as image
user.set("image", images[1]);
user.save();
// check that old image is no longer associated with user
assertEquals(0L, ((DataAssociation) images[0].get("users")).size());
// check that new image is associated with user and has no caption
dac = ((DataAssociation) images[1].get("users")).cursor();
dac.next();
assertNull(dac.getLinkProperty("caption"));
assertEquals(1L, ((DataAssociation) images[1].get("users")).size());
}
public static void abcd(String str) {
BigInteger sum = BigInteger.ZERO;
StringBuffer n = new StringBuffer("");
for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
BigInteger ab = BigInteger.valueOf(((int) str.charAt(i)) - 96);
sum = sum.add(div.pow(str.length() - i - 1).multiply(ab));
}
String s = sum.toString();
for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
if (i % 3 == 0 && i != 0) n.insert(0, ",");
n.insert(0, s.charAt(s.length() - i - 1));
}
while (str.length() < 22) str = str + " ";
System.out.println(str + "" + n);
}
void solve(InputReader in) {
try {
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
F[0] = BigInteger.ONE;
for (i = 1; i <= 30; ++i) F[i] = F[i - 1].multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(i));
for (i = 1; i <= 30; ++i) {
for (j = 1; j <= i; ++j) {
C[i][j] = getResult(i, j);
}
}
t = in.nextInt();
while (t-- > 0) {
for (i = 1; i <= 30; ++i) g[i] = new ArrayList();
n = in.nextInt();
for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i) a[i] = in.nextInt();
root = a[1];
p = 2;
Construct(root, 1, 30);
Pair ans = Calculate(root);
System.out.println(ans.x);
}
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
if (time) System.out.println("Execution time: " + (double) (end - start) / 1000.0);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e);
}
;
}
static byte[] buildDSA(DSAPublicKey key) {
DataByteOutputStream out = new DataByteOutputStream();
BigInteger q = key.getParams().getQ();
BigInteger p = key.getParams().getP();
BigInteger g = key.getParams().getG();
BigInteger y = key.getY();
int t = (p.toByteArray().length - 64) / 8;
out.writeByte(t);
out.writeBigInteger(q);
out.writeBigInteger(p);
out.writeBigInteger(g);
out.writeBigInteger(y);
return out.toByteArray();
}
public static void num(String str) {
BigInteger a = new BigInteger(str);
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("");
StringBuffer n = new StringBuffer("");
while (!(a.divide(div).equals(zero))) {
sb.insert(0, (char) (a.mod(div).intValue() + 96));
a = a.divide(div);
}
sb.insert(0, (char) (a.intValue() + 96));
for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
if (i % 3 == 0 && i != 0) n.insert(0, ",");
n.insert(0, str.charAt(str.length() - i - 1));
}
while (sb.length() < 22) sb.append(" ");
System.out.println(sb + "" + n);
}
/**
* Writes a BigInteger to the stream, encoded as binary data. If present, the leading 0 byte is
* removed.
*
* @param i The BigInteger to be written
*/
public void writeBigInteger(BigInteger i) {
byte[] b = i.toByteArray();
try {
if (b[0] == 0) write(b, 1, b.length - 1);
else write(b);
} catch (IOException e) {
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
PrintWriter pw;
Scanner sc;
try {
sc = new Scanner(new File("input.txt"));
BigInteger a, b, c;
a = sc.nextBigInteger();
b = sc.nextBigInteger();
c = a.divide(b);
// System.out.println(firstTeam+" "+secondTeam);
pw = new PrintWriter(new File("output.txt"));
pw.print(c);
pw.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
}
private void decryptTabelEntry(BigInteger[] cLabels) {
int col = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < nCIBits; i++) if (cLabels[i].testBit(0)) col |= (1 << i);
BigInteger target = EGTable[col];
BigInteger colKey = BigInteger.ZERO;
for (int k = nCIBits - 1; k >= 0; k--)
colKey = colKey.shiftLeft(Wire.labelBitLength).xor(cLabels[k]);
BigInteger res = Cipher.decrypt(colKey, target, nBits * Wire.labelBitLength);
BigInteger mask = BigInteger.ONE.shiftLeft(Wire.labelBitLength).subtract(BigInteger.ONE);
for (int k = nBits - 1; k >= 0; k--)
outputLabels[k] = res.shiftRight(Wire.labelBitLength * k).and(mask);
}
static long calc(BigInteger k1) {
long x = 1;
while (true) {
long res = mul(k1, x, BigInteger.valueOf(1000000000000l)).longValue();
if (x == res && res > 100000000000l) return res;
x = res;
}
}
public static int turn(int p, int ix) {
char c = a.charAt(ix);
if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
scs[p] = scs[p].add(BigInteger.valueOf((int)(c - '0')));
}
else {
char op = c;
while (!('0' <= c && c <= '9')) {
ix++;
if (ix == a.length()) return ix;
c = a.charAt(ix);
}
if (op == 'X') scs[p] = scs[p].multiply(BigInteger.valueOf((int)(c - '0')));
if (op == 'D') scs[p] = scs[p].divide(BigInteger.valueOf((int)(c - '0')));
if (op == 'S') scs[p] = scs[p].subtract(BigInteger.valueOf((int)(c - '0')));
}
return ix + 1;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(new BufferedInputStream(System.in));
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
int n = 1;
while (scanner.hasNextInt()) {
int a = scanner.nextInt();
int b = scanner.nextInt();
if (a == 0) break;
BigInteger sum = BigInteger.ZERO;
BigInteger bb = BigInteger.valueOf(b);
for (int i = 0; i < a; i++) sum = sum.add(scanner.nextBigInteger());
System.out.println(
"Bill #" + n + " costs " + sum + ": each friend should pay " + sum.divide(bb) + "\n");
n++;
}
}
private void exchangeKeys() {
try {
output.write(modulus.toByteArray());
byte[] buffer = new byte[ciphertextBlockSize];
input.read(buffer);
recipModulus = new BigInteger(1, buffer);
} catch (IOException ioe) {
System.err.println("Error establishing keys");
}
}
/** @param args the command line arguments */
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Takes user input and converts into a character array
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int n = Integer.parseInt(sc.nextLine());
String input = sc.nextLine();
String[] a = input.split(" ");
BigInteger[] storage = new BigInteger[n];
BigInteger sum = new BigInteger("0");
// Converts and Stores Big Integers
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) storage[i] = new BigInteger(a[i]);
// Sums the BigIntegers in storage
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) sum = sum.add(storage[j]);
// Outputs the sum of values in storage as a string
System.out.println(sum);
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
input = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
output = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out)));
int cases = Integer.parseInt(read());
for (int i = 0; i < cases; i++) {
int value = Integer.parseInt(read());
BigInteger factorial = new BigInteger("" + 1);
for (int j = value; j >= 1; j--) {
factorial = factorial.multiply(new BigInteger("" + j));
}
output.println(factorial);
}
output.close();
}
public void DP() {
for (int i = 0; i <= m; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j <= sz; j++) {
dp[i][j] = BigInteger.ZERO;
}
}
dp[0][0] = BigInteger.ONE;
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < sz; j++)
if (dp[i][j].compareTo(BigInteger.valueOf(0)) == 1) {
for (int k = 0; k < CD; k++) {
if (flag[ch[j][k]] > 0 || flag[j] > 0) continue;
dp[i + 1][ch[j][k]] = dp[i + 1][ch[j][k]].add(dp[i][j]);
}
}
}
ans = BigInteger.ZERO;
for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) ans = ans.add(dp[m][i]);
out.println(ans);
}
public static String md5(File file)
throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, FileNotFoundException, IOException {
MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
InputStream is = new FileInputStream(file);
byte[] buffer = new byte[8192];
int read = 0;
while ((read = is.read(buffer)) > 0) md.update(buffer, 0, read);
byte[] md5 = md.digest();
BigInteger bi = new BigInteger(1, md5);
is.close();
String hex = bi.toString(16);
while (hex.length() < 32) {
hex = "0" + hex;
} // Padding
return hex;
}
static byte[] buildDH(DHPublicKey key) {
DataByteOutputStream out = new DataByteOutputStream();
BigInteger p = key.getParams().getP();
BigInteger g = key.getParams().getG();
BigInteger y = key.getY();
int pLength, gLength, yLength;
if (g.equals(TWO) && (p.equals(DHPRIME768) || p.equals(DHPRIME1024))) {
pLength = 1;
gLength = 0;
} else {
pLength = BigIntegerLength(p);
gLength = BigIntegerLength(g);
}
yLength = BigIntegerLength(y);
out.writeShort(pLength);
if (pLength == 1) {
if (p.bitLength() == 768) out.writeByte((byte) 1);
else out.writeByte((byte) 2);
} else out.writeBigInteger(p);
out.writeShort(gLength);
if (gLength > 0) out.writeBigInteger(g);
out.writeShort(yLength);
out.writeBigInteger(y);
return out.toByteArray();
}