private static void serializeBytes(
     OutputByteBuffer buffer, byte[] data, int length, boolean invert) {
   for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
     if (data[i] == 0 || data[i] == 1) {
       buffer.write((byte) 1, invert);
       buffer.write((byte) (data[i] + 1), invert);
     } else {
       buffer.write(data[i], invert);
     }
   }
   buffer.write((byte) 0, invert);
 }
  static void serialize(OutputByteBuffer buffer, Object o, ObjectInspector oi, boolean invert) {
    // Is this field a null?
    if (o == null) {
      buffer.write((byte) 0, invert);
      return;
    }
    // This field is not a null.
    buffer.write((byte) 1, invert);

    switch (oi.getCategory()) {
      case PRIMITIVE:
        {
          PrimitiveObjectInspector poi = (PrimitiveObjectInspector) oi;
          switch (poi.getPrimitiveCategory()) {
            case VOID:
              {
                return;
              }
            case BOOLEAN:
              {
                boolean v = ((BooleanObjectInspector) poi).get(o);
                buffer.write((byte) (v ? 2 : 1), invert);
                return;
              }
            case BYTE:
              {
                ByteObjectInspector boi = (ByteObjectInspector) poi;
                byte v = boi.get(o);
                buffer.write((byte) (v ^ 0x80), invert);
                return;
              }
            case SHORT:
              {
                ShortObjectInspector spoi = (ShortObjectInspector) poi;
                short v = spoi.get(o);
                buffer.write((byte) ((v >> 8) ^ 0x80), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) v, invert);
                return;
              }
            case INT:
              {
                IntObjectInspector ioi = (IntObjectInspector) poi;
                int v = ioi.get(o);
                buffer.write((byte) ((v >> 24) ^ 0x80), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 16), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 8), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) v, invert);
                return;
              }
            case LONG:
              {
                LongObjectInspector loi = (LongObjectInspector) poi;
                long v = loi.get(o);
                buffer.write((byte) ((v >> 56) ^ 0x80), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 48), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 40), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 32), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 24), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 16), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 8), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) v, invert);
                return;
              }
            case FLOAT:
              {
                FloatObjectInspector foi = (FloatObjectInspector) poi;
                int v = Float.floatToIntBits(foi.get(o));
                if ((v & (1 << 31)) != 0) {
                  // negative number, flip all bits
                  v = ~v;
                } else {
                  // positive number, flip the first bit
                  v = v ^ (1 << 31);
                }
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 24), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 16), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 8), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) v, invert);
                return;
              }
            case DOUBLE:
              {
                DoubleObjectInspector doi = (DoubleObjectInspector) poi;
                long v = Double.doubleToLongBits(doi.get(o));
                if ((v & (1L << 63)) != 0) {
                  // negative number, flip all bits
                  v = ~v;
                } else {
                  // positive number, flip the first bit
                  v = v ^ (1L << 63);
                }
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 56), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 48), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 40), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 32), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 24), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 16), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 8), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) v, invert);
                return;
              }
            case STRING:
              {
                StringObjectInspector soi = (StringObjectInspector) poi;
                Text t = soi.getPrimitiveWritableObject(o);
                serializeBytes(buffer, t.getBytes(), t.getLength(), invert);
                return;
              }

            case BINARY:
              {
                BinaryObjectInspector baoi = (BinaryObjectInspector) poi;
                BytesWritable ba = baoi.getPrimitiveWritableObject(o);
                byte[] toSer = new byte[ba.getLength()];
                System.arraycopy(ba.getBytes(), 0, toSer, 0, ba.getLength());
                serializeBytes(buffer, toSer, ba.getLength(), invert);
                return;
              }
            case DATE:
              {
                DateObjectInspector doi = (DateObjectInspector) poi;
                long v = doi.getPrimitiveWritableObject(o).getTimeInSeconds();
                buffer.write((byte) ((v >> 56) ^ 0x80), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 48), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 40), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 32), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 24), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 16), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) (v >> 8), invert);
                buffer.write((byte) v, invert);
                return;
              }
            case TIMESTAMP:
              {
                TimestampObjectInspector toi = (TimestampObjectInspector) poi;
                TimestampWritable t = toi.getPrimitiveWritableObject(o);
                byte[] data = t.getBinarySortable();
                for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
                  buffer.write(data[i], invert);
                }
                return;
              }
            default:
              {
                throw new RuntimeException("Unrecognized type: " + poi.getPrimitiveCategory());
              }
          }
        }
      case LIST:
        {
          ListObjectInspector loi = (ListObjectInspector) oi;
          ObjectInspector eoi = loi.getListElementObjectInspector();

          // \1 followed by each element
          int size = loi.getListLength(o);
          for (int eid = 0; eid < size; eid++) {
            buffer.write((byte) 1, invert);
            serialize(buffer, loi.getListElement(o, eid), eoi, invert);
          }
          // and \0 to terminate
          buffer.write((byte) 0, invert);
          return;
        }
      case MAP:
        {
          MapObjectInspector moi = (MapObjectInspector) oi;
          ObjectInspector koi = moi.getMapKeyObjectInspector();
          ObjectInspector voi = moi.getMapValueObjectInspector();

          // \1 followed by each key and then each value
          Map<?, ?> map = moi.getMap(o);
          for (Map.Entry<?, ?> entry : map.entrySet()) {
            buffer.write((byte) 1, invert);
            serialize(buffer, entry.getKey(), koi, invert);
            serialize(buffer, entry.getValue(), voi, invert);
          }
          // and \0 to terminate
          buffer.write((byte) 0, invert);
          return;
        }
      case STRUCT:
        {
          StructObjectInspector soi = (StructObjectInspector) oi;
          List<? extends StructField> fields = soi.getAllStructFieldRefs();

          for (int i = 0; i < fields.size(); i++) {
            serialize(
                buffer,
                soi.getStructFieldData(o, fields.get(i)),
                fields.get(i).getFieldObjectInspector(),
                invert);
          }
          return;
        }
      case UNION:
        {
          UnionObjectInspector uoi = (UnionObjectInspector) oi;
          byte tag = uoi.getTag(o);
          buffer.write(tag, invert);
          serialize(buffer, uoi.getField(o), uoi.getObjectInspectors().get(tag), invert);
          return;
        }
      default:
        {
          throw new RuntimeException("Unrecognized type: " + oi.getCategory());
        }
    }
  }