protected List<ValidationException> testField(
      Type type, SegmentType.Field profile, boolean escape) {
    List<ValidationException> exList = new ArrayList<>();

    UsageInfo usage = new UsageInfo(profile);

    // account for MSH 1 & 2 which aren't escaped
    String encoded = null;
    if (!escape && Primitive.class.isAssignableFrom(type.getClass()))
      encoded = ((Primitive) type).getValue();

    exList.addAll(testType(type, profile.getDatatype(), usage, encoded, false));

    // test children
    if (validateChildren) {
      if (profile.getComponents().size() > 0 && !usage.disallowed()) {
        if (Composite.class.isAssignableFrom(type.getClass())) {
          Composite comp = (Composite) type;
          int i = 1;
          boolean nullContext = false;
          for (SegmentType.Field.Component component : profile.getComponents()) {
            try {
              SegmentType.Field.Component component2;
              if (nullContext) {
                component2 = new SegmentType.Field.Component();
                try {
                  BeanUtils.copyProperties(component2, component);
                } catch (InvocationTargetException | IllegalAccessException e) {
                  // nop
                }
                component2.setUsage("NULL");
              } else {
                component2 = component;
                if ((i == 1)
                    && profile.isNullable()
                    && PipeParser.encode(comp.getComponent(0), this.enc).equals("\"\"")) {
                  nullContext = true;
                }
              }

              exList.addAll(testComponent(comp.getComponent(i - 1), component2));
            } catch (DataTypeException de) {
              profileNotHL7Compliant(exList, COMPONENT_TYPE_MISMATCH, type.getName(), i);
            }
            ++i;
          }
          exList.addAll(checkUndefinedComponents(comp, profile.getComponents().size()));
        } else {
          profileNotHL7Compliant(exList, WRONG_FIELD_TYPE, type.getClass().getName());
        }
      }
    }
    return exList;
  }
  protected List<ValidationException> testComponent(
      Type type, SegmentType.Field.Component profile) {
    List<ValidationException> exList = new ArrayList<>();
    UsageInfo usage = new UsageInfo(profile);
    exList.addAll(testType(type, profile.getDatatype(), usage, null));

    // test children
    try {
      if (profile.getSubComponents().size() > 0 && !usage.disallowed() && !isEmpty(type)) {
        if (Composite.class.isAssignableFrom(type.getClass())) {
          Composite comp = (Composite) type;

          if (validateChildren) {
            int i = 1;
            for (SegmentType.Field.Component.SubComponent subComponent :
                profile.getSubComponents()) {
              UsageInfo scUsage = new UsageInfo(subComponent);
              try {
                Type sub = comp.getComponent(i - 1);
                exList.addAll(testType(sub, subComponent.getDatatype(), scUsage, null));
              } catch (DataTypeException de) {
                profileNotHL7Compliant(exList, SUBCOMPONENT_TYPE_MISMATCH, type.getName(), i);
              }
              ++i;
            }
          }

          exList.addAll(checkUndefinedComponents(comp, profile.getSubComponents().size()));
        } else {
          profileViolatedWhen(true, exList, WRONG_COMPONENT_TYPE, type.getClass().getName());
        }
      }
    } catch (HL7Exception e) {
      exList.add(new ValidationException(e));
    }

    return exList;
  }