public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in);
BigInteger s, M;
int p, i;
while (cin.hasNext()) {
p = cin.nextInt();
s = BigInteger.valueOf(4);
M = BigInteger.ONE;
M = M.shiftLeft(p).subtract(BigInteger.ONE);
for (i = 0; i < p - 2; ++i) {
s = s.multiply(s).subtract(BigInteger.valueOf(2));
while (s.bitLength() > p) {
s = s.shiftRight(p).add(s.and(M));
}
}
if (s.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO) == 0 || s.compareTo(M) == 0) {
System.out.println(0);
continue;
}
String ans = "";
while (s.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO) > 0) {
long buf = s.mod(BigInteger.valueOf(16)).longValue();
ans += Integer.toHexString((int) buf);
s = s.divide(BigInteger.valueOf(16));
}
for (i = ans.length() - 1; i >= 0; --i) System.out.print(ans.charAt(i));
System.out.println();
}
}
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
while (true) {
String str = in.readLine();
// Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
if (str == null) {
break;
} else {
BigInteger num = new BigInteger(str);
if (str.equals("0") || str.equals("1")) {
System.out.println(str);
} else {
// BigInteger num = new BigInteger(str);
//
// System.out.println(num.subtract(BigInteger.ONE).multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(2)));
System.out.println(num.multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(2)).subtract(BigInteger.valueOf(2)));
}
}
}
}
public static void process() {
Arrays.sort(bookHeight);
BigInteger sum = BigInteger.valueOf(0L);
BigInteger temp;
int iCount = 0;
for (int i = bookHeight.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
sum = sum.add(BigInteger.valueOf((long) (bookHeight[i])));
temp = sum.max(b);
iCount++;
if (temp.equals(sum)) break;
}
System.out.print(iCount);
}
public void testReferenceLinkAttribute() {
Session ssn = SessionManager.getSession();
DataObject user = ssn.create(getModelName() + ".User");
user.set("id", BigInteger.valueOf(0));
user.set("email", "*****@*****.**");
user.set("firstName", "foo");
user.set("lastNames", "bar");
user.save();
DataObject[] images = new DataObject[2];
for (int i = 0; i < images.length; i++) {
images[i] = ssn.create(getModelName() + ".Image");
images[i].set("id", BigInteger.valueOf(i));
byte[] bytes = "This is the image.".getBytes();
images[i].set("bytes", bytes);
images[i].save();
}
// set image
user.set("image", images[0]);
user.save();
// retrieve and then update caption
DataAssociationCursor dac = ((DataAssociation) images[0].get("users")).cursor();
dac.next();
assertNull(dac.getLinkProperty("caption"));
assertEquals(user, dac.getDataObject());
DataObject link = dac.getLink();
link.set("caption", "caption");
link.save();
dac = ((DataAssociation) images[0].get("users")).cursor();
dac.next();
assertEquals("caption", dac.getLinkProperty("caption"));
assertEquals(1L, ((DataAssociation) images[0].get("users")).size());
// set new image as image
user.set("image", images[1]);
user.save();
// check that old image is no longer associated with user
assertEquals(0L, ((DataAssociation) images[0].get("users")).size());
// check that new image is associated with user and has no caption
dac = ((DataAssociation) images[1].get("users")).cursor();
dac.next();
assertNull(dac.getLinkProperty("caption"));
assertEquals(1L, ((DataAssociation) images[1].get("users")).size());
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
BigInteger T = BigInteger.valueOf(0);
BigInteger TB = BigInteger.valueOf(0);
BigInteger NTB = BigInteger.valueOf(0);
BigInteger S = BigInteger.valueOf(0);
BigInteger MAX = BigInteger.valueOf(1);
int j;
for (j = 0; j < 100; j++) MAX = MAX.multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(10));
for (; ; ) {
int i, t, a, b;
if (in.nextToken() != StreamTokenizer.TT_NUMBER) break;
t = (int) in.nval;
if (in.nextToken() != StreamTokenizer.TT_NUMBER) break;
a = (int) in.nval;
if (in.nextToken() != StreamTokenizer.TT_NUMBER) break;
b = (int) in.nval;
// System.out.print("(");
// System.out.print(t);
// System.out.print("^");
// System.out.print(a);
// System.out.print("-1)/(");
// System.out.print(t);
// System.out.print("^");
// System.out.print(b);
// System.out.print("-1) ");
if (t == 1 || a % b != 0) {
System.out.print("bad!\n");
continue;
}
T = BigInteger.valueOf(t);
TB = BigInteger.valueOf(1);
for (i = 0; i < b; i++) {
TB = TB.multiply(T);
if (TB.compareTo(MAX) >= 0) break;
}
NTB = BigInteger.valueOf(1);
S = BigInteger.valueOf(0);
for (i = 0; i < a; i += b) {
S = S.add(NTB);
if (S.compareTo(MAX) >= 0) break;
NTB = NTB.multiply(TB);
}
if (S.compareTo(MAX) >= 0) System.out.print("bad!");
else System.out.print(S);
System.out.print("\n");
}
}
void solve(InputReader in) {
try {
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
F[0] = BigInteger.ONE;
for (i = 1; i <= 30; ++i) F[i] = F[i - 1].multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(i));
for (i = 1; i <= 30; ++i) {
for (j = 1; j <= i; ++j) {
C[i][j] = getResult(i, j);
}
}
t = in.nextInt();
while (t-- > 0) {
for (i = 1; i <= 30; ++i) g[i] = new ArrayList();
n = in.nextInt();
for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i) a[i] = in.nextInt();
root = a[1];
p = 2;
Construct(root, 1, 30);
Pair ans = Calculate(root);
System.out.println(ans.x);
}
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
if (time) System.out.println("Execution time: " + (double) (end - start) / 1000.0);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e);
}
;
}
public static boolean check(long n, int p) {
BigInteger P = BigInteger.TEN.pow(p), Q = BigInteger.TEN.pow(p - 1);
BigInteger N = BigInteger.ONE, tmp = BigInteger.valueOf(2);
while (n > 0) {
if ((n % 2) == 1) {
N = N.multiply(tmp);
N = N.mod(P);
}
tmp = tmp.multiply(tmp);
tmp = tmp.mod(P);
n >>= 1;
}
N = N.divide(Q);
if (N.equals(BigInteger.ONE) || N.equals(BigInteger.valueOf(2))) return true;
else return false;
}
static long calc(BigInteger k1) {
long x = 1;
while (true) {
long res = mul(k1, x, BigInteger.valueOf(1000000000000l)).longValue();
if (x == res && res > 100000000000l) return res;
x = res;
}
}
public static int turn(int p, int ix) {
char c = a.charAt(ix);
if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
scs[p] = scs[p].add(BigInteger.valueOf((int)(c - '0')));
}
else {
char op = c;
while (!('0' <= c && c <= '9')) {
ix++;
if (ix == a.length()) return ix;
c = a.charAt(ix);
}
if (op == 'X') scs[p] = scs[p].multiply(BigInteger.valueOf((int)(c - '0')));
if (op == 'D') scs[p] = scs[p].divide(BigInteger.valueOf((int)(c - '0')));
if (op == 'S') scs[p] = scs[p].subtract(BigInteger.valueOf((int)(c - '0')));
}
return ix + 1;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(new BufferedInputStream(System.in));
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
while (scanner.hasNextInt()) {
int n = scanner.nextInt();
int k = scanner.nextInt();
BigInteger sum = BigInteger.ONE;
for (int i = n; i > n - k; i--) {
sum = sum.multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(i));
}
for (int i = 2; i <= k; i++) {
sum = sum.divide(BigInteger.valueOf(i));
}
System.out.println(sum.toString().length());
}
}
void start() throws IOException {
BigInteger n = new BigInteger(reader.next());
String s = reader.next();
BigInteger answer = BigInteger.ONE;
while (n.compareTo(BigInteger.ONE) > 0) {
answer = answer.multiply(n);
n = n.subtract(BigInteger.valueOf(s.length()));
}
writer.println(answer);
}
public static void abcd(String str) {
BigInteger sum = BigInteger.ZERO;
StringBuffer n = new StringBuffer("");
for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
BigInteger ab = BigInteger.valueOf(((int) str.charAt(i)) - 96);
sum = sum.add(div.pow(str.length() - i - 1).multiply(ab));
}
String s = sum.toString();
for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
if (i % 3 == 0 && i != 0) n.insert(0, ",");
n.insert(0, s.charAt(s.length() - i - 1));
}
while (str.length() < 22) str = str + " ";
System.out.println(str + "" + n);
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(new BufferedInputStream(System.in));
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
int n = 1;
while (scanner.hasNextInt()) {
int a = scanner.nextInt();
int b = scanner.nextInt();
if (a == 0) break;
BigInteger sum = BigInteger.ZERO;
BigInteger bb = BigInteger.valueOf(b);
for (int i = 0; i < a; i++) sum = sum.add(scanner.nextBigInteger());
System.out.println(
"Bill #" + n + " costs " + sum + ": each friend should pay " + sum.divide(bb) + "\n");
n++;
}
}
public void DP() {
for (int i = 0; i <= m; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j <= sz; j++) {
dp[i][j] = BigInteger.ZERO;
}
}
dp[0][0] = BigInteger.ONE;
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < sz; j++)
if (dp[i][j].compareTo(BigInteger.valueOf(0)) == 1) {
for (int k = 0; k < CD; k++) {
if (flag[ch[j][k]] > 0 || flag[j] > 0) continue;
dp[i + 1][ch[j][k]] = dp[i + 1][ch[j][k]].add(dp[i][j]);
}
}
}
ans = BigInteger.ZERO;
for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) ans = ans.add(dp[m][i]);
out.println(ans);
}
void run() {
int N = input.nextInt();
f = new BigInteger[max(N + 1, 5)];
f[1] = BigInteger.ZERO;
f[2] = BigInteger.valueOf(2);
f[3] = BigInteger.valueOf(4);
g = new BigInteger[max(N + 1, 5)];
g[1] = BigInteger.valueOf(2);
g[2] = BigInteger.valueOf(2);
g[3] = BigInteger.valueOf(8);
for (int i = 4; i <= N; ++i) {
g[i] =
f[i - 1].multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(2)).add(g[i - 1]).add(g[i - 2]).subtract(g[i - 3]);
f[i] = f[i - 1].add(g[i - 1]);
}
System.out.println(f[N]);
}
public class Main {
/**
* Static variables for 1024 bit Diffie-Hellman algorithm.
*
* <p>This is required to have matching moduli between client and server.
*/
private static final byte SKIP_1024_MODULUS_BYTES[] = {
(byte) 0xF4, (byte) 0x88, (byte) 0xFD, (byte) 0x58,
(byte) 0x4E, (byte) 0x49, (byte) 0xDB, (byte) 0xCD,
(byte) 0x20, (byte) 0xB4, (byte) 0x9D, (byte) 0xE4,
(byte) 0x91, (byte) 0x07, (byte) 0x36, (byte) 0x6B,
(byte) 0x33, (byte) 0x6C, (byte) 0x38, (byte) 0x0D,
(byte) 0x45, (byte) 0x1D, (byte) 0x0F, (byte) 0x7C,
(byte) 0x88, (byte) 0xB3, (byte) 0x1C, (byte) 0x7C,
(byte) 0x5B, (byte) 0x2D, (byte) 0x8E, (byte) 0xF6,
(byte) 0xF3, (byte) 0xC9, (byte) 0x23, (byte) 0xC0,
(byte) 0x43, (byte) 0xF0, (byte) 0xA5, (byte) 0x5B,
(byte) 0x18, (byte) 0x8D, (byte) 0x8E, (byte) 0xBB,
(byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x8C, (byte) 0xB8, (byte) 0x5D,
(byte) 0x38, (byte) 0xD3, (byte) 0x34, (byte) 0xFD,
(byte) 0x7C, (byte) 0x17, (byte) 0x57, (byte) 0x43,
(byte) 0xA3, (byte) 0x1D, (byte) 0x18, (byte) 0x6C,
(byte) 0xDE, (byte) 0x33, (byte) 0x21, (byte) 0x2C,
(byte) 0xB5, (byte) 0x2A, (byte) 0xFF, (byte) 0x3C,
(byte) 0xE1, (byte) 0xB1, (byte) 0x29, (byte) 0x40,
(byte) 0x18, (byte) 0x11, (byte) 0x8D, (byte) 0x7C,
(byte) 0x84, (byte) 0xA7, (byte) 0x0A, (byte) 0x72,
(byte) 0xD6, (byte) 0x86, (byte) 0xC4, (byte) 0x03,
(byte) 0x19, (byte) 0xC8, (byte) 0x07, (byte) 0x29,
(byte) 0x7A, (byte) 0xCA, (byte) 0x95, (byte) 0x0C,
(byte) 0xD9, (byte) 0x96, (byte) 0x9F, (byte) 0xAB,
(byte) 0xD0, (byte) 0x0A, (byte) 0x50, (byte) 0x9B,
(byte) 0x02, (byte) 0x46, (byte) 0xD3, (byte) 0x08,
(byte) 0x3D, (byte) 0x66, (byte) 0xA4, (byte) 0x5D,
(byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x9F, (byte) 0x9C, (byte) 0x7C,
(byte) 0xBD, (byte) 0x89, (byte) 0x4B, (byte) 0x22,
(byte) 0x19, (byte) 0x26, (byte) 0xBA, (byte) 0xAB,
(byte) 0xA2, (byte) 0x5E, (byte) 0xC3, (byte) 0x55,
(byte) 0xE9, (byte) 0x2F, (byte) 0x78, (byte) 0xC7
};
// In oder to use skip, we need a BigInteger representation of that modulus
private static final BigInteger MODULUS = new BigInteger(1, SKIP_1024_MODULUS_BYTES);
// We also need a base for Dittie-Hellman, which SKIP defines as 2
private static final BigInteger BASE = BigInteger.valueOf(2);
// we can wrap those two SKIP parameter into one DHParamterSpec, which we'll use to initialize our
// keyAgreement latger
private static final DHParameterSpec PARAMETER_SPEC = new DHParameterSpec(MODULUS, BASE);
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// prompt user to enter a port number
System.out.print("Enter the port number: ");
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
int port = scan.nextInt();
scan.nextLine();
System.out.print("Enter the host name: ");
String hostName = scan.nextLine();
// Initialize a key pair generator with the SKIP parameters we sepcified, and genrating a pair
// This will take a while: 5...15 seconrds
System.out.println("Generating a Diffie-Hellman keypair: ");
KeyPairGenerator kpg = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("DH");
kpg.initialize(PARAMETER_SPEC);
KeyPair keyPair = kpg.genKeyPair();
System.out.println("key pair has been made...");
// one the key pair has been generated, we want to listen on
// a given port for a connection to come in
// once we get a connection, we will get two streams, One for input
// and one for output
// open a port and wait for a connection
ServerSocket ss = new ServerSocket(port);
System.out.println("Listeining on port " + port + " ...");
Socket socket = ss.accept();
// use to output and input primitive data type
DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
// next thing to do is send our public key and receive client's
// this corresponds to server step 3 and step 4 in the diagram
System.out.println("Sending my public key...");
byte[] keyBytes = keyPair.getPublic().getEncoded();
out.writeInt(keyBytes.length);
out.write(keyBytes);
System.out.println("Server public key bytes: " + CryptoUtils.toHex(keyBytes));
// receive the client's public key
System.out.println("Receiving client's public key...");
DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(socket.getInputStream());
keyBytes = new byte[in.readInt()];
in.readFully(keyBytes);
// create client's public key
KeyFactory kf = KeyFactory.getInstance("DH");
X509EncodedKeySpec x509Spec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
PublicKey clientPublicKey = kf.generatePublic(x509Spec);
// print out client's public key bytes
System.out.println(
"Client public key bytes: " + CryptoUtils.toHex(clientPublicKey.getEncoded()));
// we can now use the client's public key and
// our own private key to perform the key agreement
System.out.println("Performing the key agreement ... ");
KeyAgreement ka = KeyAgreement.getInstance("DH");
ka.init(keyPair.getPrivate());
ka.doPhase(clientPublicKey, true);
// in a chat application, each character is sendt over the wire, separetly encrypted,
// Instead of using ECB, we are goin to use CFB, with a block size of 8 bits(1byte)
// to send each character. We will encrypt the same character in a different way
// each time. But in order to use CFB8, we need an IVof 8 bytes. We will create
// that IV randomly and and send it to the client. It doesn't matter if somoene
// eavesdrops on the IV when it is sent over the wire. it's not sensitive info
// creating the IV and sending it corresponds to step 6 and 7
byte[] iv = new byte[8];
SecureRandom sr = new SecureRandom();
sr.nextBytes(iv);
out.write(iv);
// we generate the secret byte array we share with the client and use it
// to create the session key (Step 8)
byte[] sessionKeyBytes = ka.generateSecret();
// create the session key
SecretKeyFactory skf = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("DESede");
DESedeKeySpec DESedeSpec = new DESedeKeySpec(sessionKeyBytes);
SecretKey sessionKey = skf.generateSecret(DESedeSpec);
// printout session key bytes
System.out.println("Session key bytes: " + CryptoUtils.toHex(sessionKey.getEncoded()));
// now use tha that session key and IV to create a CipherInputStream. We will use them to read
// all character
// that are sent to us by the client
System.out.println("Creating the cipher stream ...");
Cipher decrypter = Cipher.getInstance("DESede/CFB8/NoPadding");
IvParameterSpec spec = new IvParameterSpec(iv);
decrypter.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, sessionKey, spec);
CipherInputStream cipherIn = new CipherInputStream(socket.getInputStream(), decrypter);
// we just keep reading the input and print int to the screen, until -1 sent over
int theCharacter = 0;
theCharacter = cipherIn.read();
while (theCharacter != -1) {
System.out.print((char) theCharacter);
theCharacter = cipherIn.read();
}
// once -1 is received we want to close up our stream and exit
cipherIn.close();
in.close();
out.close();
socket.close();
}
}
private static BigInteger bi(long n1) {
return BigInteger.valueOf(n1);
}
long gcd(long a, long b) {
BigInteger x = BigInteger.valueOf(a);
BigInteger y = BigInteger.valueOf(b);
return x.gcd(y).longValue();
}
public void testDeepLink() {
Session ssn = SessionManager.getSession();
DataObject[] users = new DataObject[4];
DataObject group = getSession().create(getModelName() + ".Group");
group.set("id", BigInteger.valueOf(users.length));
group.set("email", "*****@*****.**");
group.set("name", "SIPB");
group.save();
DataAssociation members = (DataAssociation) group.get("members");
for (int i = 0; i < users.length; i++) {
users[i] = ssn.create(getModelName() + ".User");
users[i].set("id", BigInteger.valueOf(i));
users[i].set("email", "*****@*****.**");
users[i].set("firstName", "foo");
users[i].set("lastNames", "bar");
users[i].save();
members.add(users[i]);
}
group.save();
DataObject[] images = new DataObject[users.length / 2];
for (int i = 0; i < images.length; i++) {
images[i] = ssn.create(getModelName() + ".Image");
images[i].set("id", BigInteger.valueOf(i));
byte[] bytes = "This is the image.".getBytes();
images[i].set("bytes", bytes);
images[i].save();
}
// create link between user i and image i/2 with caption i
for (int i = 0; i < users.length; i++) {
// set image
DataAssociation imageUsers = (DataAssociation) images[i / 2].get("users");
DataObject link = imageUsers.add(users[i]);
link.set("caption", String.valueOf(i));
link.save();
}
DataCollection dc = ssn.retrieve(getModelName() + ".Group");
dc.addEqualsFilter("members.image.link.caption", "0");
assertEquals(1, dc.size());
dc = ssn.retrieve(getModelName() + ".User");
dc.addPath("image.link.caption");
assertEquals(users.length, dc.size());
while (dc.next()) {
assertEquals(dc.get("id").toString(), dc.get("image.link.caption"));
}
dc = ssn.retrieve(getModelName() + ".User");
dc.addPath("image.id");
assertEquals(users.length, dc.size());
while (dc.next()) {
int id = ((BigInteger) dc.get("id")).intValue();
assertEquals(BigInteger.valueOf(id / 2), dc.get("image.id"));
}
DataCollection dcUp = ssn.retrieve(getModelName() + ".User");
DataCollection dcDown = ssn.retrieve(getModelName() + ".User");
dcUp.addOrder("image.link.caption asc");
dcDown.addOrder("image.link.caption desc");
dcUp.next();
dcDown.next();
assertEquals(BigInteger.valueOf(0), dcUp.get("id"));
assertEquals(BigInteger.valueOf(users.length - 1), dcDown.get("id"));
dcUp.close();
dcDown.close();
dcUp = ssn.retrieve(getModelName() + ".Image");
dcDown = ssn.retrieve(getModelName() + ".Image");
dcUp.addOrder("users.link.caption asc");
dcDown.addOrder("users.link.caption desc");
dcUp.next();
dcDown.next();
assertEquals(BigInteger.valueOf(0), dcUp.get("id"));
assertEquals(BigInteger.valueOf(images.length - 1), dcDown.get("id"));
dcUp.close();
dcDown.close();
dc = ssn.retrieve(getModelName() + ".Group");
dc.addFilter("members.image.id = 0");
assertEquals(2, dc.size());
dc = ssn.retrieve(getModelName() + ".Image");
dc.addFilter("users.id = 0 and users.link.caption = '1'");
assertEquals(0, dc.size());
dc = ssn.retrieve(getModelName() + ".Group");
dc.addPath("members.id");
dc.addFilter("members.image.id = 0 and members.image.link.caption = '1'");
assertTrue(dc.next());
assertEquals(BigInteger.valueOf(1), dc.get("members.id"));
assertFalse(dc.next());
}
public void build() {
fact[0] = BigInteger.valueOf(1);
for (int i = 1; i <= 10004; ++i) fact[i] = fact[i - 1].multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(i));
}