void sendJoinMessage(Address coord, Address mbr) {
    Message msg;
    GMS.GmsHeader hdr;

    // GemStoneAddition:
    // if reconnecting we will make multiple attempts with the same coordinator
    // because it might be spinning up at the same time.  Otherwise, if not reconnecting,
    // we don't want to keep trying with the same coordinator because if it's not responding
    // it's probably not there
    if (lastAttempt == null
        || (this.gms.stack.gfPeerFunctions.isReconnectingDS() || !coord.equals(lastAttempt))) {
      log.getLogWriter()
          .info(
              ExternalStrings
                  .ClientGmsImpl_ATTEMPTING_TO_JOIN_DS_WHOSE_MEMBERSHIP_COORDINATOR_IS_0_USING_ID_1,
              new Object[] {coord, mbr});
      msg = new Message(coord, null, null);
      hdr = new GMS.GmsHeader(GMS.GmsHeader.JOIN_REQ, mbr);
      msg.putHeader(gms.getName(), hdr);
      lastAttempt = null; // set to null in case there is an exception in passDown()
      gms.passDown(new Event(Event.MSG, msg));
      lastAttempt = coord;
    }
  }
  /**
   * Joins this process to a group. Determines the coordinator and sends a unicast handleJoin()
   * message to it. The coordinator returns a JoinRsp and then broadcasts the new view, which
   * contains a message digest and the current membership (including the joiner). The joiner is then
   * supposed to install the new view and the digest and starts accepting mcast messages. Previous
   * mcast messages were discarded (this is done in PBCAST).
   *
   * <p>If successful, impl is changed to an instance of ParticipantGmsImpl. Otherwise, we continue
   * trying to send join() messages to the coordinator, until we succeed (or there is no member in
   * the group. In this case, we create our own singleton group).
   *
   * <p>When GMS.disable_initial_coord is set to true, then we won't become coordinator on receiving
   * an initial membership of 0, but instead will retry (forever) until we get an initial membership
   * of > 0.
   *
   * @param myAddr Our own address (assigned through SET_LOCAL_ADDRESS)
   */
  @Override // GemStoneAddition
  public boolean join(Address myAddr) {
    Address coord = null;
    Address coordSentJoin = null;
    JoinRsp rsp;
    Digest tmp_digest;
    View tmp_view = null;
    leaving = false;
    long starttime = System.currentTimeMillis(); // GemStoneAddition
    final int maxRetries = 6; // GemStoneAddition - need this figure later
    int joinRetries = maxRetries;

    join_promise.reset();
    boolean debugFailFirst = Boolean.getBoolean("p2p.DEBUG_FAIL_FIRST");
    while (!leaving) {
      joinRetries--;
      if (joinRetries < 0) {
        // GemStoneAddition
        // if not just anyone can be the coordinator and the elected \
        // coordinator cannot process a join_req, assume it is
        // gone and elect self as new coordinator
        if (coord != null
            && gms.floatingCoordinatorDisabled
            && !gms.splitBrainDetectionEnabled // bug #41772  I DON'T THINK THIS IS TRUE WITH QUORUM
            && myAddr.preferredForCoordinator()) {
          Address failedCoord = coord;
          if (!myAddr.equals(failedCoord)) {
            gms.log
                .getLogWriter()
                .warning(
                    ExternalStrings.ClientGmsImpl_COULD_NOT_JOIN_DISTRIBUTED_SYSTEM_0, failedCoord);
            if (becomeGroupCoordinator(myAddr, failedCoord)) {
              return true;
            }
          }
          coord = null;
        } else {
          if (!join_promise
              .hasResult()) { // GemStoneAddition - check one more time since we just waited for the
                              // retry
            log.warn(
                "Could not join distributed system using member "
                    + coord
                    + ".  gms.floatingCoordinatorDisabled="
                    + gms.floatingCoordinatorDisabled
                    + ", mbr.canBeCoordinator()="
                    + myAddr.preferredForCoordinator());
            return false;
          }
        }
      }

      // log.getLogWriterI18n().info(JGroupsStrings.DEBUG, "findInitialMembers");
      missing_mbrs = null;
      findInitialMembers();
      // log.getLogWriterI18n().info(JGroupsStrings.DEBUG, "findInitialMembers done");
      if (debugFailFirst) {
        log.getLogWriter()
            .severe(ExternalStrings.ClientGmsImpl_IGNORING_FIRST_MEMBERSHIP_SET_FOR_DEBUGGING);
        debugFailFirst = false;
        continue;
      }
      if (!join_promise.hasResult()) {
        if (log.isDebugEnabled())
          log.debug(
              "CGMS: initial_mbrs are " + initial_mbrs + "; missing_mbrs are " + missing_mbrs);
        if (initial_mbrs.size() == 0) {
          if (missing_mbrs == null || missing_mbrs.isEmpty()) { // GemStoneAddition
            if (gms.disable_initial_coord) {
              // GemStoneAddition - there was no timeout if disable_ic was set!!
              checkForTimeout(starttime);
              // if(trace)
              log.warn(
                  "received an initial membership of 0, but cannot become coordinator "
                      + // GemStoneAddition - was trace level output.  Debug #34274
                      "(disable_initial_coord=true), will retry fetching the initial membership");
              //                    continue;
            }
            // if we're getting no responses at all after two or more attempts, there's no-one
            // out there.
            else if (joinRetries <= (maxRetries - 2)) {
              if (log.isDebugEnabled())
                log.debug("no initial members discovered: creating group as first member");
              becomeSingletonMember(myAddr);
              return true;
            }
          }
          if (joinRetries > 0) {
            try { // GemStoneAddition
              // log.getLogWriterI18n().info(JGroupsStrings.DEBUG, "join sleep #1");
              Util.sleep(gms.join_retry_timeout);
              // log.getLogWriterI18n().info(JGroupsStrings.DEBUG, "join sleep #1 done");
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
              if (log.isDebugEnabled()) log.debug("interrupted; creating group as first member");
              becomeSingletonMember(myAddr);
              Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); // GemStoneAddition
              return true;
            }
          }
          continue;
        }

        // log.getLogWriterI18n().info(JGroupsStrings.DEBUG, "determining coordinator");
        coord = determineCoord(initial_mbrs);
        // log.getLogWriterI18n().info(JGroupsStrings.DEBUG, "done determining coordinator: " +
        // coord);
        // GemStoneAddition - don't elect a new coordinator on the first attempt
        if (coord == null) {
          if (joinRetries < maxRetries - 1) {
            if (gms.handle_concurrent_startup == false) {
              if (trace)
                log.trace(
                    "handle_concurrent_startup is false; ignoring responses of initial clients");
              becomeSingletonMember(myAddr);
              return true;
            }

            if (trace) log.trace("could not determine coordinator from responses " + initial_mbrs);

            // the member to become singleton member (and thus coord) is the first of all clients
            Set clients = new TreeSet(); // sorted
            clients.add(myAddr); // add myself again (was removed by findInitialMembers())
            for (int i = 0; i < initial_mbrs.size(); i++) {
              PingRsp pingRsp = (PingRsp) initial_mbrs.elementAt(i);
              Address client_addr =
                  pingRsp.getCoordAddress(); // GemStoneAddition - was .getAddress();
              if (client_addr != null) clients.add(client_addr);
            }
            if (trace)
              log.trace(
                  "Choosing coordinator from these servers: "
                      + clients
                      + ".\nJoin retries remaining: "
                      + joinRetries);
            Address new_coord = (Address) clients.iterator().next();
            if (new_coord.equals(myAddr)) {
              if (!gms.disable_initial_coord) { // GemStoneAddition - respect disable_initial_coord
                if (trace)
                  log.trace(
                      "I ("
                          + myAddr
                          + ") am the first of the clients, and will become coordinator");
                becomeSingletonMember(myAddr);
                // GemStoneAddition - tell the DM to wait a while
                // if (gms.stack.jgmm != null) {
                //  long waitPeriod = Long.getLong("p2p.concStartupDelay",
                // gms.join_timeout).longValue();
                //  if (trace)
                //    log.trace("Telling the manager to wait for " + waitPeriod + " ms");
                //  gms.stack.jgmm.establishChannelPause(waitPeriod);
                //  //try { Thread.sleep(waitPeriod); } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
                // Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); }
                // }
                return true;
              }
            } else {
              //                    if(trace)
              //                      log.trace("I (" + myAddr + ") am not the first of the clients,
              // " +
              //                      "waiting for another client to become coordinator");
              log.getLogWriter()
                  .info(
                      ExternalStrings.DEBUG,
                      "Waiting for "
                          + new_coord
                          + " to possibly become coordinator during concurrent startup.  "
                          + "My address is "
                          + gms.local_addr);
              // GemStoneAddition - if there is concurrent startup, the other
              // client will be waiting the same amount of time, so increase the
              // join attempts in this VM to let the other client finish
              if (joinRetries < 2) {
                checkForTimeout(starttime);
                joinRetries++;
              }
            }
          } // joinRetries < maxRetries-1
          else {
            if (trace)
              log.trace(
                  "I ("
                      + myAddr
                      + ") am not the coordinator and it is too"
                      + " soon for an election");
          }
          if (joinRetries > 0) {
            try { // GemStoneAddition
              // log.getLogWriterI18n().info(JGroupsStrings.DEBUG, "join sleep #2");
              Util.sleep(gms.join_retry_timeout);
              // log.getLogWriterI18n().info(JGroupsStrings.DEBUG, "join sleep #2 done");
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
              Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
              return false; // treat as failure
            }
          }

          continue;
        } // coord==null

        if (!coord.splitBrainEnabled() && this.gms.splitBrainDetectionEnabled) {
          throw gms.stack.gfBasicFunctions.getGemFireConfigException(
              "Group membership coordinator, "
                  + coord
                  + " does not have "
                  + "network partition detection enabled, but this DistributedSystem has it enabled");
        }

        boolean c6 = (((IpAddress) coord).getIpAddress() instanceof Inet6Address);
        boolean m6 = (((IpAddress) myAddr).getIpAddress() instanceof Inet6Address);
        if (c6 && !m6) {
          throw gms.stack.gfBasicFunctions.getGemFireConfigException(
              "Group membership coordinator, "
                  + coord
                  + ", is using IPv6 but this "
                  + "process is using IPv4");
        }
        if (m6 && !c6) {
          throw gms.stack.gfBasicFunctions.getGemFireConfigException(
              "Group membership coordinator, "
                  + coord
                  + ", is using IPv4 but this "
                  + "process is using IPv6");
        }
      } // !join_promise.hasResult()
      else {
        coord = coordSentJoin;
      }

      if (coord == null) {
        // GemStoneAddition
        // fix for NPE when a false join response has been received.  This could
        // be from the retransmission of a response sent to a previous member
        // using the same address.  In this case we haven't even gotten to
        // the point of sending a join request and the response should be ignored
        join_promise.reset();
        continue;
      }

      try {
        if (coord.equals(gms.local_addr) && gms.local_addr.preferredForCoordinator()) {
          // GemStoneAddition - we can't usurp a group that was using a coordinator
          // that had the same address that this process is now using (bug #41772)
          if (((IpAddress) coord).getUniqueID() != ((IpAddress) gms.local_addr).getUniqueID()) {
            throw new ShunnedAddressException();
          }
          // this member was elected by others as the coordinator
          if (becomeGroupCoordinator(gms.local_addr, null)) {
            return true;
          } else {
            coord = null;
            continue; // no need to sleep - there's another coordinator now
          }
        }
        // GemStoneAddition - check to see if a result came in while get_mbrs was being processed.
        // If there is one, just use it.
        if (!join_promise.hasResult()) {
          if (log.isDebugEnabled()) log.debug("sending join_req(" + myAddr + ") to " + coord);
          coordSentJoin = coord;
          sendJoinMessage(coord, myAddr);
        }
        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
          log.debug("Waiting for join response");
        }

        // test hook for bug #49897
        if (SLOW_JOIN) {
          synchronized (SLOW_JOIN_LOCK) {
            try {
              SLOW_JOIN_LOCK.wait();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
              // the test will interrupt.  Set the interrupt flag
              // so the Promise.getResult() call will run into it
              Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            }
          }
        }
        rsp = (JoinRsp) join_promise.getResult(gms.join_timeout);

        // bug #49897 - don't keep going if the thread's been interrupted
        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) {
          throw gms.stack.gfBasicFunctions.getSystemConnectException(
              ExternalStrings.ClientGmsImpl_JOIN_INTERRUPTED.toLocalizedString());
        }

        if (rsp == null) {
          if (warn && !leaving /* GemStoneAddition */)
            log.getLogWriter()
                .warning(
                    ExternalStrings.ClientGmsImpl_JOIN_0__SENT_TO__1__TIMED_OUT_RETRYING,
                    new Object[] {myAddr, coord});
        } else {
          if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
            log.debug("Got join response: " + rsp);
          }
          // GemStoneAddition - birth view ID
          if (rsp.view != null && rsp.view.getVid() != null) {
            ((IpAddress) gms.local_addr).setBirthViewId(rsp.view.getVid().getId());
          }
          if (rsp.getFailReason() != null) {
            if (rsp.getFailReason().equals(JoinRsp.SHUNNED_ADDRESS)) {
              throw new ShunnedAddressException();
            }
            if (rsp.getFailReason()
                    .contains("Rejecting the attempt of a member using an older version")
                || rsp.getFailReason().contains("15806")) {
              throw gms.stack.gfBasicFunctions.getSystemConnectException(rsp.getFailReason());
            }
            throw gms.stack.gfBasicFunctions.getAuthenticationFailedException(rsp.getFailReason());
          }
          coord = rsp.getView().getCreator();
          gms.notifyOfCoordinator(coord);
          // 1. Install digest
          tmp_digest = rsp.getDigest();
          tmp_view = rsp.getView();
          if (tmp_digest == null || tmp_view == null) {
            if (log.isErrorEnabled())
              log.error(ExternalStrings.ClientGmsImpl_DIGEST_OR_VIEW_OF_JOIN_RESPONSE_IS_NULL);
          } else {
            // GemStoneAddition - commented out inc of highSeqno because this
            // does not work if the view is not multicast.  In view of this there
            // must be a retransmission protocol.
            //                        tmp_digest.incrementHighSeqno(coord); 	// see DESIGN for an
            // explanantion
            if (log.isDebugEnabled()) log.debug("digest is " + tmp_digest);
            gms.setDigest(tmp_digest);

            // 2. Install view
            if (log.isDebugEnabled())
              log.debug(
                  "["
                      + gms.local_addr
                      + "]: JoinRsp="
                      + rsp.getView()
                      + " [size="
                      + rsp.getView().size()
                      + "]\n\n");

            if (!installView(tmp_view)) {
              if (log.isErrorEnabled())
                log.error(
                    ExternalStrings.ClientGmsImpl_VIEW_INSTALLATION_FAILED_RETRYING_TO_JOIN_GROUP);
              continue;
            }

            // send VIEW_ACK to sender of view
            Message view_ack = new Message(coord, null, null);
            GMS.GmsHeader tmphdr = new GMS.GmsHeader(GMS.GmsHeader.VIEW_ACK);
            view_ack.putHeader(GMS.name, tmphdr);
            // GemStoneAddition: bug #49261 - do not send the view
            // so that the ack-collector will accept this as an ack
            // for the view about to be cast by the coordinator
            view_ack.setObject(null);
            gms.passDown(new Event(Event.MSG, view_ack));

            gms.passUp(new Event(Event.BECOME_SERVER));
            gms.passDown(new Event(Event.BECOME_SERVER));
            return true;
          }
        }
      } catch (ShunnedAddressException e) {
        System.setProperty("gemfire.jg-bind-port", "0"); // for testing
        throw e;
      } catch (RuntimeException e) {
        String name = e.getClass().getSimpleName();
        if (name.equals("AuthenticationFailedException")) {
          if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
            log.debug("AuthenticationFailedException=" + e.toString());
          }
          throw e;
        } else if (name.equals("SystemConnectException")) {
          throw e;
        }
        if (log.getLogWriter().infoEnabled()) {
          log.getLogWriter().info(ExternalStrings.UnexpectedException, e);
        }
      } catch (Exception e) {
        if (log.getLogWriter().infoEnabled()) {
          log.getLogWriter().info(ExternalStrings.UnexpectedException, e);
        }
      }

      if (joinRetries > 0) {
        try { // GemStoneAddition
          // log.getLogWriterI18n().info(JGroupsStrings.DEBUG, "join sleep #3");
          Util.sleep(gms.join_retry_timeout);
          // log.getLogWriterI18n().info(JGroupsStrings.DEBUG, "join sleep #3 done");
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
          Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
          return false; // treat as failure
        }
      }
    }
    if (missing_mbrs != null && missing_mbrs.size() > 0) {
      log.getLogWriter().info(ExternalStrings.DEBUG, "missing ping responses from " + missing_mbrs);
      return false;
    }
    return true;
  }
  /**
   * GemStoneAddition - new protocol to allow a member to assume the role of coordinator in a system
   * that has lost all eligible coordinators
   *
   * @param mbr the address of this stack
   * @param failedCoordinator (optional) the address of the coordinator that held the view
   * @return true if able to become coordinator, false if not
   */
  boolean becomeGroupCoordinator(Address mbr, Address failedCoordinator) {
    int sentRequests = 0;
    Digest initial_digest;
    ViewId view_id;
    Vector mbrs;
    Vector imbrs;
    synchronized (initial_mbrs) {
      imbrs = (Vector) initial_mbrs.clone();
    }

    // get the current view from one of the members and then
    // form a new group
    GMS.GmsHeader hdr = new GMS.GmsHeader(GMS.GmsHeader.GET_VIEW);
    for (int i = 0; i < imbrs.size(); i++) {
      PingRsp rsp = (PingRsp) imbrs.get(i);
      Message getView = new Message();
      getView.setDest(rsp.getAddress());
      getView.putHeader(GMS.name, hdr);
      gms.passDown(new Event(Event.MSG, getView));
    }

    // wait up to ack-collection-time for responses
    sentRequests = imbrs.size();
    long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis() + gms.view_ack_collection_timeout;
    while (true) {
      synchronized (this.getViewLock) {
        long timeLeft = endTime - System.currentTimeMillis();
        if (this.getViewResponses >= sentRequests || timeLeft <= 0) {
          break;
        }
        try {
          this.getViewLock.wait(timeLeft);
        } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
          Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
          throw gms.stack.gfBasicFunctions.getSystemConnectException(
              ExternalStrings.ClientGmsImpl_INTERRUPTED_WHILE_BECOMING_COORDINATOR_OF_EXISTING_GROUP
                  .toLocalizedString());
        }
      }
    }

    if (this.getViewResponse == null) {
      throw gms.stack.gfBasicFunctions.getSystemConnectException(
          ExternalStrings
              .ClientGmsImpl_UNABLE_TO_BECOME_COORDINATOR_OF_EXISTING_GROUP_BECAUSE_NO_VIEW_RESPONSES_WERE_RECEIVED
              .toLocalizedString());
    }

    View theView = this.getViewResponse.getView();

    Address theCreator = theView.getCreator();

    if (theCreator != null && theCreator.preferredForCoordinator()) {
      if (failedCoordinator == null && theView.containsMember(theCreator)) {
        // locator was shut down and restarted.  Other members reported no coordinator
        // but now there is one, so two eligible coordinators are being started
        // simultaneously.  Return false to allow the other one to win
        //          log.getLogWriterI18n().info(JGroupsStrings.ONE_ARG, "DEBUG: failedCoordinator is
        // null and view creator is "
        //            + theCreator);
        return false;
      }

      if (failedCoordinator != null && !theCreator.equals(failedCoordinator)) {
        // the locator or its machine failed and this is a new locator starting
        // up.  Another locator has already installed itself as the coordinator,
        // so return false to let it win
        //          log.getLogWriterI18n().info(JGroupsStrings.ONE_ARG, "DEBUG: failedCoordinator is
        // " + failedCoordinator + " and view creator is "
        //            + theCreator);
        return false;
      }
    }

    mbrs = theView.getMembers();
    mbrs.add(
        mbr); // add myself in  (was .add(0, mbr) prior to 2013 cedar release but this caused elder
              // init problems with colocated secure locators)

    // create the initial digest.  it will be filled in with gossip soon enough
    initial_digest = this.getViewResponse.getDigest();
    initial_digest.add(
        gms.local_addr, 0, 0); // initial seqno mcast by me will be 1 (highest seen +1)
    gms.setDigest(initial_digest);

    view_id =
        new ViewId(
            mbr, theView.getVid().getId() + 1); // create singleton view with mbr as only member
    View new_view = new View(view_id, mbrs);
    gms.installView(new_view);
    gms.becomeCoordinator(null); // not really necessary - installView() should do it

    gms.ucastViewChange(new_view); // tell the world

    gms.passUp(new Event(Event.BECOME_SERVER));
    gms.passDown(new Event(Event.BECOME_SERVER));

    gms.notifyOfCoordinator(gms.local_addr);

    log.getLogWriter()
        .info(ExternalStrings.ClientGmsImpl_RECREATED_DISTRIBUTED_SYSTEM_GROUP_0, gms.view);
    return true;
  }