@Test
  public void testMergeMultipleEntityCopiesAllowed() {
    Item item1 = new Item();
    item1.setName("item1");

    Hoarder hoarder = new Hoarder();
    hoarder.setName("joe");

    EntityManager em = getOrCreateEntityManager();
    em.getTransaction().begin();
    em.persist(item1);
    em.persist(hoarder);
    em.getTransaction().commit();
    em.close();

    // Get another representation of the same Item from a different EntityManager.

    em = getOrCreateEntityManager();
    Item item1_1 = em.find(Item.class, item1.getId());
    em.close();

    // item1_1 and item1_2 are unmodified representations of the same persistent entity.
    assertFalse(item1 == item1_1);
    assertTrue(item1.equals(item1_1));

    // Update hoarder (detached) to references both representations.
    hoarder.getItems().add(item1);
    hoarder.setFavoriteItem(item1_1);

    em = getOrCreateEntityManager();
    em.getTransaction().begin();
    // the merge should succeed because it does not have Category copies.
    // (CustomEntityCopyObserver does not allow Category copies; it does allow Item copies)
    hoarder = em.merge(hoarder);
    assertEquals(1, hoarder.getItems().size());
    assertSame(hoarder.getFavoriteItem(), hoarder.getItems().iterator().next());
    assertEquals(item1.getId(), hoarder.getFavoriteItem().getId());
    assertEquals(item1.getCategory(), hoarder.getFavoriteItem().getCategory());
    em.getTransaction().commit();
    em.close();

    em = getOrCreateEntityManager();
    em.getTransaction().begin();
    hoarder = em.find(Hoarder.class, hoarder.getId());
    assertEquals(1, hoarder.getItems().size());
    assertSame(hoarder.getFavoriteItem(), hoarder.getItems().iterator().next());
    assertEquals(item1.getId(), hoarder.getFavoriteItem().getId());
    assertEquals(item1.getCategory(), hoarder.getFavoriteItem().getCategory());
    em.getTransaction().commit();
    em.close();

    cleanup();
  }
  @Test
  public void testCascadeFromDetachedToNonDirtyRepresentations() {
    Item item1 = new Item();
    item1.setName("item1");

    Hoarder hoarder = new Hoarder();
    hoarder.setName("joe");

    Session s = openSession();
    Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
    s.persist(item1);
    s.persist(hoarder);
    tx.commit();
    s.close();

    // Get another representation of the same Item from a different session.

    s = openSession();
    Item item1_1 = (Item) s.get(Item.class, item1.getId());
    s.close();

    // item1_1 and item1_2 are unmodified representations of the same persistent entity.
    assertFalse(item1 == item1_1);
    assertTrue(item1.equals(item1_1));

    // Update hoarder (detached) to references both representations.
    hoarder.getItems().add(item1);
    hoarder.setFavoriteItem(item1_1);

    s = openSession();
    tx = s.beginTransaction();
    hoarder = (Hoarder) s.merge(hoarder);
    assertEquals(1, hoarder.getItems().size());
    assertSame(hoarder.getFavoriteItem(), hoarder.getItems().iterator().next());
    assertEquals(item1.getId(), hoarder.getFavoriteItem().getId());
    assertEquals(item1.getCategory(), hoarder.getFavoriteItem().getCategory());
    tx.commit();
    s.close();

    s = openSession();
    tx = s.beginTransaction();
    hoarder = (Hoarder) s.merge(hoarder);
    assertEquals(1, hoarder.getItems().size());
    assertSame(hoarder.getFavoriteItem(), hoarder.getItems().iterator().next());
    assertEquals(item1.getId(), hoarder.getFavoriteItem().getId());
    assertEquals(item1.getCategory(), hoarder.getFavoriteItem().getCategory());
    tx.commit();
    s.close();

    cleanup();
  }