Gettext is an internationalization and localization (i18n) library which is commonly used for writing multilingual programs. Its most popular implementation is that of the GNU project.

I18n with gettext works by marking up translatable strings in the source code, usually by wrapping them with a function call. The xgettext tool extracts these strings and creates a text file listing them. This file is called the template and its name usually ends in ".pot".

The msginit tool creates a new text file mapping the extracted strings to their translation in a given locale, having the ".po" extension. Finally the msgfmt tool creates an optimized representation of the translation mappings that is then used at runtime. For most programs this is a binary file ending in ".mo", but it is also possible to create other formats, for example a java ResourceBundle.

There are specialized editors for editing the ".mo" files, which can remember already translated strings and contain databases of repeatedly used words.

Translation in java is usually done using property files, which map some artificial key to the corresponding translation. In my opinion this approach has several drawbacks.

• The need to invent a key for each message interrupts the programmers flow. Sometimes it is already pretty hard to think of meaningful variable names, having to think about something totally unrelated to the code, like translation further distracts the programmer.

• The plural handling in gettext is superior for some languages having more than two plural forms. For simple cases pluralization can be done using ChoiceFormat, but languages like Polish require more complicated rules. Additionally, the syntax for ChoiceFormat is probably to complicated for non-developers.

• There are specialized editors for editing gettext files, which are also usable by non-programmers. These editors have extensive features to support the translator, like remembering already translated string or containing a terminology database.

The first step when doing translation is actually to determine the correct locale and ResourceBundle to look up messages. For a desktop program this is simple since it can just use the default locale of the jvm, for a multi user web application its more complicated. Futhermore you usually do not want to pass around the locale to any method that might need to output messages, neither do you want to tightly couple the java logic to the view, for example by calling FacesContext.getCurrentInstance.

To solve these problems, this framework uses a ServiceLoader based solution to lookup the locale and ResourceBundle, with implementations for the default locale and JSF. The implementation classes can be specified in two files in META-INF/services, net.jhorstmann.i18n.LocaleProviderFactory and net.jhorstmann.i18n.ResourceBundleProviderFactory. To use the JSF implementation it is enough to depend on the i18n-jsf library since it contains these files in its classpath.

Translatable string in java code should be marked up by calls to the static functions in net.jhorstmann.i18n.I18N. The trc functions take an additional context parameter that is supposed to help translate words with different meaning when used in different contexts, trn takes an additional parameter for plural handling and trnc uses both.

In JSF views there are two ways to markup strings. The first one is to use EL functions from the http://jhorstmann.net/taglib/i18n namespace. These work just like the java functions described above. The second and preferred way is to use the tr JSF component. Examples how to use this can be found in the index.xhtml of the i18n-sample-webapp project.

Extraction of messages is supported by a maven plugin. The i18n:gettext goal extracts messages from xhtml files and java class files, meaning it should be invoked in the process-classes phase or manually after the project is compiled.

The i18n:init goal creates a new ".po" file for the locale given as -Dlocale=xyz. When messages are added or changed in the code, the i18n:gettext and i18n:merge goals should be invoked to update all ".po" files.

The i18n:dist goal generates the java ResourceBundle that is used at runtime and should be bound to the generate-resources phase. The other goals should be executed manually.

<plugin>
    <groupId>net.jhorstmann.i18n</groupId>
    <artifactId>i18n-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <configuration>
        <targetBundle>net.jhorstmann.i18n.sample.Messages</targetBundle>
        <outputFormat>class</outputFormat>
    </configuration>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <goals>
                <goal>dist</goal>
            </goals>
            <phase>generate-resources</phase>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

A JSF application has to declare its supported locale and the ResourceBundle to use in faces-config.xml:

<application>
    <locale-config>
        <default-locale>de</default-locale>
        <supported-locale>en</supported-locale>
    </locale-config>
    <resource-bundle>
        <base-name>net.jhorstmann.i18n.sample.Messages</base-name>
        <var>i18n</var>
    </resource-bundle>
</application>

The ResourceBundle should be named "i18n" by default, this name can be overridden in web.xml using the net.jhorstmann.i18n.ResourceBundleVar context parameter. Alternatively, the ResourceBundle can also be specified in web.xml instead of faces-config.xml by setting the net.jhorstmann.i18n.ResourceBundle context parameter.